World Summit on Hematology and Cell Therapy August 07-08, 2020 Osaka, Japan

Blood disorder is a state where problem is with blood cells and blood components like white blood cells (WBC), circulating platelets and red blood cells (RBC). Any depletion or damaged platelets cause abnormalities in clot formation. Whereas these red blood cells carry oxygen to tissues play a vital role in organ survival decreased oxygen carrying capacity of RBC leads to some disorders like fatigue, shortness of breath, auto immune haemolytic anaemia and also lack of oxygenated blood to brain. Bone marrow dysfunction is the main cause for low levels of white blood cells in some cases WBC gets destroyed by auto immune disorders there by leading to decreased levels and increasing the sort of infections attack.

Depleted levels of leukocytes is a sign that immune system is not having the capacity to handle infections, chronic inflammation utilises leukocytes faster than they are produced leading to dysfunction of bone marrow ultimately triggering the low levels of WBC.

Blood transfusion is the process of receiving whole blood or blood products into one’s systemic circulation intravenously. Transfusion may include injection of whole blood or components such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets or clotting factors. Blood transfusion is usually done in cases of deficiencies, to increase the oxygen saturation, during accidents or during surgery, to treat hematologic conditions such as severe anaemia, leukaemia, and sickle cell disease. Blood transfusion may also be associated with various complications including infections, immunological disorders such as haemolysis or incompatibilities. Hence a very systematic protocol is followed for blood transfusion which includes processing and testing the donor’s blood for possible infectious disorders, particularly for viruses such as Hepatitis B and C, HIV, and West Nile Virus, Compatibility testing and hemovigilance. The system should include monitoring, identification, reporting, investigation and analysis of adverse events near-misses and reactions related to transfusion and manufacturing. Research and advances in this area of Haematology is hence considered a very important aspect.

Immunohematology referred to be blood banking. This is the laboratory medicine dealing up with preparing blood components, blood for appropriate selection and transfusion and also components that are compatible for transfusion which is helpful in case of severe blood loss or low blood levels. If the selection and compatibility fail this may directs to harm the kidneys, lungs and might be life threating. Transfusion can be recommended in case of illness, burns, cancer, injury. Individuals get immunized when there are previous transfusions of blood or in case of pregnancy. Red blood cells contain antigens and protein markers on their surfaces, if recipient or donors red blood cells doesn’t contain this antigen the antigen lacking individual will lead to form antibodies which destroys the red blood cells.so what blood banks screens, typing and cross matching are carried out for blood and its components before the transfusions.

If immune system of recipient attacks the donor red blood cells this state knows to be hemolytic reaction sometimes hives and itching can also be observed.

Pediatric hematology is a branch of hematology dealing with the general hematological problems seen in neonates or pediatric patients. Other issues such as blood counts, Polycythemia, Neonatal anaemia, Anaemia of prematurity, Haemolytic anaemia in the neonate, Congenital red cell defects, acquired red cell defects, Hyperbilirubinemia, Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia, Acquired red cell aplasia, Neutropenia, leukaemia etc are dealt under Paediatric Haematology. Haematopoiesis is different in pediatric patients and neonates compared to adults. By birth, virtually all bone marrow cavities are actively hematopoietic. In childhood, hematopoiesis moves to central bones (vertebrae, sternum, ribs, pelvis). The red cells of the new-born are macrocytic and the blood film from a new-born infant shows macrocytic normochromic cells, polychromasia, and a few nucleated red blood cells. Even in healthy infants there may be mild anisocytosis and poikilocytosis. Blood viscosity, oxygen delivery, Iron and transferring content, red cell antigens and many other features are different in neonates and children compared to the adults. Hence a thorough research enabling a proper diagnosis and treatment of all the haematological disorders in neonates and paediatric patients is highly necessary.

Haematology is a broad concept which deals with topics ranging from haematopoiesis (production of blood cells) to laboratory diagnosis of various diseases through the study of blood. Veterinary Haematology deals with all these aspects of Haematology in animals. Veterinary Haematology is important as there are significant differences in the blood cells of animals from human beings. Mammals have anucleate platelets and erythrocytes while birds and reptiles have nucleus cells. Size of the erythrocytes is also different in different animals. Different mammals have unique responses to inflammation. These differences make the assessment of blood and diagnosis of blood disorders more difficult than mammals, particularly human beings. So study of haematological characteristics of animals is important in diagnosing the disease. In poultry, dairy, meat and other industries involving animals such as sericulture, early diagnosis of these disorders is important in preventing huge financial losses. Veterinary haematology is also important to diagnose, and control infections spread to humans from animals.

Stem cell research deals with research and publication of high quality manuscripts related to stem cells. Stem cells are cells of multicellular organisms that can differentiate into other types of cells. They can divide more cells of the same type of stem cells. For a cell to be considered a stem cell, it should be self-renewing and must be either totipotent or pluripotent. Various types of stem cells such as embryonic stem cells, foetal and adult stem cells tissue specific stem cells, haemopoietic stem cells, cancer stem cells are known. Haemopoietic stem cells that give rise to other blood cells by a process called Hemopoiesis in the red bone marrow. Haemopoietic stem cell transplants are used in the treatment of cancers and other immune system disorders.

Initially for detecting the blood disorders bone marrow biopsy will be carried out which involves the study of cytogenetics and surface proteins on bone marrow cells and this study process referred to be flow cytometry. Treating of blood disorder may vary for every particular disorder, this can include use of coagulation factor support, immune modulating therapies, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation palliative care must be taken for the patients with complex disorder. Antithrombic are the class of drugs that works in preventing coagulation of blood which can be used in haemodialysis. in preventive measure for life threatening pulmonary emboli cases interventional radiologists implant vena cava filter by the help of ionizing radiation. Generally, through physical examinations, medical reports are used to detect the disorders by physicians to initiate the best therapy.

\Hematology-oncology is the science applied to treat blood disorders and diseases and(hematology) and cancers (oncology). Also, it treats with blood cancers and some disease include iron deficiency anaemia, thalassemia’s as well other organ cancers. Bone marrow cancers concerns with leukaemia’s in which WBC cancer takes place in this condition bone marrow synthesis other blood cells, initiating to bone tumours state referred to as multiple myeloma in this abnormal protein were created leading kidney dysfunction and can be identified by some symptoms like bone pain, frequent bone breaking and also constipation sometimes, mostly patients with the treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, plasmapheresis. The treatment will vary for individual suffering with myeloma based on many factors, in this multiple myeloma it includes a stage referred smoldering stage in which it doesn’t show active symptoms that is the state in which myeloma cells present in the body were not progressive.

Hematopathology or hemopathology concerns with the study of diseases and disorders that are affecting the blood cells, and their synthesis and some other tissues involved in haematopoiesis like spleen, bone marrow and the thymus. This include cell kinetics which detects the characteristic neoplastic haematolymphoid cells, metabolic hematology used to find the abnormalities in haemoglobin, cytoskeletal abnormalities and red blood cell enzyme deficiency and used to screen the characteristic thalassemia’s and also molecular hematopathology this analyses RNA or DNA in monitoring hematologic malignance’s and to quantify the genetic abnormalities.

Morphology of hematopathology performs the blood count and identifies cellular morphology in some body fluids and peripheral blood. Treating of diseases like lymphomas and leukaemia come under hematopathology. Physicians who trained to diagnose the diseases of blood are hematopathologists.

Thalassemia known to be an inherited blood disorder which is capable of forming abnormal haemoglobin synthesis. It is suspected to be a genetic disorder inherited by parents. This of two types Alpha Thalassemia and Beta Thalassemia this cannot synthesis beta globin, as well thalassemia intermedia which is less severe, the severity depends on no of genes that have been missing Symptoms may vary depending upon the type from mild to severe anaemia, this can lead to tired, pale skin, enlargement of spleen, bone deformities, delayed growth and development and sometimes dark urine in children. Diagnosis include firstly the complete blood count and also genetic tests along with haemoglobin testing. Treatment may vary from the degree of severity and the therapy may include iron chelation, blood transfusions. Iron chelation can be done through deferoxamine, in case of iron overload from transfusions osteoporosis can be a result and spleen become enlarged which needs a surgical removal in emergency.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating many copies of a particular DNA sequence. PCR has rapidly become an invaluable technique for the detection and clinical management of a wide variety of haematological disorders. It provides a rapid method for the generation of large quantities of relatively pure DNA sequences of interest. This facilitates nucleotide sequence analysis in both normal and pathological haemopoietic populations. It also aids in the characterisation of normal molecular organisation and of inherited and acquired genetic defects. The extreme sensitivity of detection of rare genetic events has greatly improved the ability to detect minimal residual malignancy and low levels of viral infection.  PCR is more advanced in that genetically modifies abnormal cells can be detected within a normal cell population at far low incidence level than any other existing technology. Advancements in PCR help in Detection of Mutated Genes, Detection of Chromosomal Translocations, Detection of Gene Expression, Detection of Clonality and sequencing.

Hematology nursing is a different aspect in nursing where assistance and care for patients with blood diseases and disorders is dealt with. Haematology nurses may also assist in blood tests, transfusions, chemotherapy and other diagnostic and treatments related to blood such as leukaemia, lymphoma, sickle cell anaemia, Hodgkin’s disease and haemophilia. A haematology nurse has responsibilities very similar to an oncology nurse. Haematology nurses involve in both direct and indirect patient care. Direct care involves diagnostic and treatment aspects. Indirect patient care involves information collection and record keeping. Special training is required for Haematology nursing. This training is essential for dealing with sensitive issues such as IV infusions, catheter insertion etc.

Biomarkers in hematology were mostly of protein biomarkers which are helpful to detect the tumours early location and mainly to identify bosom growth, these biomarkers simply used to measure and indicate the severity level of disease state. Where as these haematological biomarkers are helpful in identifying the blood disease. Patients who are suspected with pancreatic malignancy will face CT sweep. Recolors neoplastic pancreatic cells will empower the certainty to identify pancreatic tumour by pathologist and hence suitable for treating disease condition. For pancreatic disease a novel drug discovery in biomarkers like 
BI-010 and IHC markers are developed.